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Was slavery inevitable in the United States? Did the tradition of New World African slavery practiced by the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch going back to the 16th century ensure that slavery would take root in the English colonies of North America?

The English were latecomers to New World colonization. Portugal had colonized Brazil, and the Spanish had become the greatest power in the world by extracting gold and silver from Mexico and South America with the slave labor of those they called Los Indios. Since the natives succumbed quickly, the Spanish and Portuguese began importing African captives into the Caribbean and the Americas as early as 1532.

The English had not planned to use slave labor in their first colony, although their ideas about Indians working under their control doubtless would have included some level of exploitation. Founded in 1607, Jamestown was an unmitigated disaster for almost a decade as settlers searched for gold, drank and fought amongst themselves, and failed to plant sufficient crops to feed themselves.

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