Structural Mechanics
The early era of antibiotics marked the discovery of effective antimicrobials and antibiotics. From 1900-1960 there was great hope that infectious diseases caused by bacteria could be defeated. Ehrlich's synthesis and discovery of salvarsan, compound 606, Domagk's development of prontosil, Fleming's penicillin and Waksman's streptomycin antibiotic discoveries filled the air with one new hope after another. Streptococci, staphylococci, and syphilis, gonorrhea, plague were, respectively, bacteria and diseases subject to medicine's firm hand, until that fateful time when microbiologists and doctors saw microbial clenched fists held high — multiple-antibiotic resistance had clearly emerged. In 1961, emerging methicillin-resistant staphylococci was a disturbing theme, and resistance continues to develop and expand even today.
Antibiotic Resistance by Mutation and Selection
Typical gastrointestinal bacteria divide and multiply quickly, needing only 15-20 minutes to double by binary fission. The human large intestine contains about 100 billion bacteria per gram of solid matter and over 100 different species of bacteria.
Bacteria grow rapidly and mutate rapidly at a rate of 1 in every 100,000 to 1 in every million. Mutations are random events, and typically are not caused by antibiotics.
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